prep

• ① 1[表示位置]在近旁,在旁边;向旁边2[方位读法]偏向
  • She stood by the window.她站在窗子旁边。
  • There is a house by the river.在河边有一栋房屋。
  • I haven't got the key by me.我身边没有那把钥匙。
  • North by East正北偏东(N与NNE之间;→the points of the compass)

• ②[表移动方向]通过;沿;经由(=via);横过,越过;经过
  • I go by the post office every morning on my way to school.我每天早上上学都经过邮局。
  • She walked by me.她从我身边走过去。
  • I entered by the back door.我由后门进入。
  • I traveled to Canada by (way of) the United States.我经由美国旅行到加拿大。

• ③ 1[表手段、方法、原因、媒介]由于…的作用,藉…为工具2[表动作者或作用者]由;被(所作)(参照with)
  • by letter [fax]用书信[传真]
  • I'll contact her by telephone.我将以电话跟她连络。
  • Please send me the book by mail [post].请把那本书邮寄给我。
  • He arrived by ship.他搭船抵达。
  • They will go [travel] by bus [boat, bicycle, plane, rail(road), train, steamer].他们将乘公车[船、自行车、飞机、火车、轮船]去[旅行]。
  • go by water [air]由水路[航空]去
  • by land [sea]由陆路[水路]
  • I'll go by the noon train.我将搭正午的火车去。
  • by hand [machine]用手[机器]
  • There will be an elevator to go up and down by.将有一电梯可供上下。
  • The house will be sold by auction.该屋将以拍卖方式出售。
  • learn by heart默记,背诵
  • He pulled the plants by the roots.他连根拔掉那些植物。
  • He held the thief by the collar.他抓住那个小偷的领子。
  • He led the blind man by the hand.他牵着那个盲人的手引导他(★如上例中表示接受catch, hold, lead 等动作之部位的名词,前面要加the)。
  • By working hard he finally succeeded.凭着努力工作,他终于成功了。
  • They made a meager living by selling souvenirs to the tourists.他们藉卖纪念品给观光客而过着清寒的生活。
  • He died by poison.他中毒死亡。
  • by reason of ...由于…的理由。
  • America was discovered by Columbus.美洲是哥伦布发现的。
  • This car is driven by electricity.这部车子是用电推动的。
  • He read a poem by Yeats.他读了叶慈的一首诗。
  • This novel is written by Hemingway.这部小说是海明威写的。
  • He had a son by his first wife.他有第一任妻子所生的一个儿子。

• ④[指时间]一到(某时候);当(某时候)到了;不迟于(not later than)(参照until)
  • by the end of this month到本月底
  • She usually goes to bed by eleven o'clock.她通常在十一点前就寝。
  • By this time next week I'll be in Paris.到了下礼拜的这个时候,我将在巴黎。
  • She ought to have arrived by now.到这个时候,她应该已经到达。
  • By the time the doctor arrived, the patient was already dead.医生到达时,病人已经死了。

• ⑤[表时间的经过]在…期间(=during)(★by之后的名词无冠词)
  • He sleeps by day and works by night.他白天睡觉,夜间工作。
  • He went home by daylight.他在白昼回家。

• ⑥[表尺度、标准、单位]以…计;依据;按
  • It's six o'clock by my watch.根据我的表,现在是六点钟。
  • judge a person by appearances以貌取人
  • He is paid by the week.他按周支薪。
  • He rented a car by the day.他按日租了一部车子。
  • They sell eggs by the dozen.他们按打出售蛋。
  • sell by the yard [ton]按码[吨]计价出售
  • pay a worker by the piece按件计酬
  • by the hundred=by (the) hundreds数以百计
  • He used to walk by the hour.他过去经常一连散步好几个小时。

• ⑦[表程度、比率]到…程度;逐一
  • by degrees逐渐
  • miss by a minute差一分钟而错过,迟了一分钟
  • win by a boat's length以一船之长而获胜
  • He is taller than she (is) by six centimeters.他比她高六公分。
  • little by little=bit by bit逐渐
  • day by day逐日
  • drop by drop逐滴,一滴一滴地
  • The children have one by one fallen asleep.孩子们一个个睡着了。
  • step by step逐步;逐渐
  • room by room逐室,各室地

• ⑧[表乘除、尺寸]
  • multiply 15 by 2715×27
  • divide 24 by 224÷2
  • a room 10 ft. by 12 (ft.)宽10呎长12呎的房间
  • a 5-by-8 inch card宽五吋长八吋的卡车

• ⑨[表关系]就…而论;根据,依据(★by 之后的名词无冠词)
  • by birth [trade]论出生[行业]
  • He is a German by birth.他出生为德国人。
  • They are cousins by blood.他们是同宗[血统]的堂[表]兄弟[姊妹]。
  • He is Adam by name.他名叫亚当。
  • I know him by name.我仅知他的名字(却无深交)。
  • She called me by name.她叫我的名字。
  • It's O.K. by me.【美口】就我而论,那是可以[没问题]的。

• ⑩ 对(=toward)
  • You should do your duty by your parents.你应对双亲尽本分。
  • Do (to others) as you would be done by.己所欲施于人(你要别人如何待你,就要如何待人)。

• ⑪[用于誓言、祈愿中]凭;指着(天)赌咒;对…发誓
  • By God!对天发誓
  • I swear by (Almighty) God that ...我对(全能的)上帝发誓…。